What are Flexible AC Transmission Systems ?FACTS DefinitionFlexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) are defined as systems that use power electronics to improve the control and power transfer in AC transmission networks. Features of FACTS Fast voltage regulation Increased power transfer over long AC lines Damping of active power oscillations Load flow control in meshed systemsThereby significantly improving the stability and performance of existing and future transmission systems.With Flexible A

What is the Annealing Test for Wires and Conductors ?Annealing Test DefinitionThe annealing test is performed to ensure the durability and flexibility of wires and conductors during twisting and bending.Specimen PreparationA specific gauge length of the conductor is used for the test, ensuring accurate results.Testing EquipmentA tensile testing machine, micrometer, and measuring scale are essential for conducting the annealing test.Elongation MeasurementThe test measures the elongation percentag

What are the Types of Electrical Power Cables ?Power Cable DefinitionA power cable is defined as an assembly of insulated electrical conductors used for transmitting and distributing electrical power.Types of Cables in Power SystemPower cables can be overhead or underground, designed for specific applications and requirements.Short Circuit RatingIt happens frequently that the conductor size necessary for installation is dictated by its ability to carry short-circuit current rather than sustained

What is Testing of Electrical Power Cable ?Type Tests DefinitionType tests ensure the quality and standards of electrical power cables by assessing various physical and electrical properties.Acceptance TestsAcceptance tests verify that a batch of cables meets the required specifications through mechanical and electrical tests.Routine TestsRoutine tests are regular checks to maintain consistent quality and performance of electrical cables.High Voltage Test (Water Immersion Test) A 3-meter-long co

What are the Types of Overhead Conductor ?Overhead Conductor DefinitionAn overhead conductor is defined as a physical medium used to carry electrical energy across distances in transmission and distribution systems.Copper vs. Aluminum ConductorsAluminum conductors are preferred over copper due to cost efficiency and reduced corona discharge, despite having lower conductivity and tensile strength.Types of ConductorsOverhead conductors include AAC, ACAR, AAAC, and ACSR, each with unique properties

What is Conductor Resistance Test?Conductor Resistance Test DefinitionThe conductor resistance test measures the DC resistance of copper or aluminum conductors to determine how easily they allow current flow.Importance of ResistanceHigher resistance in a conductor results in less current flow, which is crucial for efficient power transmission.Test EquipmentThe test uses a Kelvin Double Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge to measure resistance accurately.Testing Procedure Connect the specimen to the resi

Definition of Insulation Thickness TestA test to confirm the insulation and sheath thickness of power cables to ensure they meet specified standards.Apparatus required to test for thickness of insulation of Power CableThis is purely a measurement process, hence the apparatus for the test are to be chosen very carefully. There should be, a micrometer gauge capable of measuring at least 0.01 mm variation, a vernier caliper which can clearly read at least 0.01 mm count, a measuring microscope with

What is the Tensile Test of Conductors?Tensile Test DefinitionA tensile test measures the strength of a material by pulling it apart until it breaks.Purpose of Tensile Test for ConductorsThis test ensures that cable conductors, such as aluminium wires, are strong enough to handle the pulling forces they experience during installation and use.Apparatus for Tensile Test Tensile Testing Machine: An automatic machine, with two end grips properly designed to hold the conductor with sufficient strengt

Single Bus System

What is Power System Stability?Power System Stability DefinitionPower system stability is defined as the ability of an electrical system to return to steady-state operation after a disturbance.Importance of StabilityEnsuring power system stability is crucial for maintaining a reliable and uninterrupted power supply.The power system stability or synchronous stability of a power system can be of several types depending upon the nature of the disturbance, and for successful analysis, it can be clas