We should probably earth each tower of an electrical transmission line. We must measure footing resistance of each tower. We should take the footing resistance of tower in dry season before stringing the earth wire and/or OPGW (where OPGW is applicable). In any circumstances footing resistance of the tower will not be more than 10 ohms.We should use either pipe earthing or counterpoise for earthing of the electrical transmission line tower. The tower earthing lug should extend beyond the concret

Earth resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the earth electrode to the flow of current into the ground. It is also known as resistance to earth or ground resistance. Earth resistance is an important parameter for designing and maintaining earthing systems, as it affects the safety and performance of electrical installations.What is an Earth Electrode?An earth electrode is a metal rod or plate that is buried in the soil and connected to the earth terminal of an electrical system. It

An earthing system, also known as a grounding system, connects specific parts of an electric power system with the ground, typically the Earth’s conductive surface, for safety and functional purposes. The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the installation. Regulations for earthing systems vary among countries, though most follow the recommendations of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). In this article, we will explain the diffe

What is Shunt ReactorA shunt reactor is a piece of electrical equipment used in high voltage power transmission systems to stabilize the voltage during load variations. A traditional shunt reactor has a fixed rating and is either connected to the transmission line all the time or switched in and out depending on the load.A three phase shunt reactor is generally connected to 400KV or above electrical bus system for capacitive reactive power compensation of the power system and to control dynamic

When we switch off an online circuit breaker to cut an inductive load, it is ideally desired to interrupt the current of the system during its zero crossing of the current waveform. But practically it is somewhat impossible to maintain the condition. In normal circuit breaker the current interruption may occur at an instant near to the zero crossing point but not exactly at zero crossing point of the current waveform. As the load is inductive in nature, this sudden interruption of current, cause

There is always a significant charging current flowing from conductor to earth in underground high voltage and medium voltage power network. This is because of dielectric insulation between earth and conductor in the underground cables. During an earth fault in any phase, in a 3 phase such system, the charging current of the system ideally becomes three times more than rated charging current per phase. This larger charging current restrikes and passes to ground through faulty point and causing a

The following two factors to be considered during measurement of reactance of a shunt reactor. The reactance of a shunt reactor is approximately equal to its impedance as the resistive component of the impedance in shunt reactor is negligible. The V-I characteristics of the shunt reactor is almost linear under operating range of appliedvoltage. This is because, gapped core is used in the shunt reactor to preventmagnetic saturationof the core within normal operational range.The simple formula of

Shunt Reactor is used to compensate capacitive reactive power of a long transmission line. The constructional features of a shunt reactor may vary manufacturer to manufacturer but basic of construction is more or less same.Core of Shunt ReactorGapped Core is generally used in shunt reactor. The core is constructed from Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Silicon Steel sheet to reduce hysteresis losses. The sheets are laminated to reduce eddy current losses. Gaps are intentionally provided in the construc

What is a Line Reactor?A line reactor (also referred to as an electrical reactor or a choke) is a variable frequency drive (VFD) accessory that consists of a coil of wire that forms a magnetic field as current flows through it. This magnetic field limits the rate of rising of the current, thus reducing harmonics and protecting the drive from power system surges and transients.Types of Electrical or Line ReactorsA reactor has many roles to play in an electrical power system. The reactors are norm

A shunt reactor is defined as a device that absorbs reactive power from a power system and helps regulate the voltage level. Shunt reactors are typically used in high-voltage transmission lines and substations to compensate for the capacitive effect of long cables and overhead lines. Shunt reactors can be either fixed or variable, depending on the degree of voltage regulation required.Shunt reactors are essential for maintaining the stability and efficiency of power systems, especially in long-d