What is Sag in Overhead Conductor ?Sag DefinitionSag in a transmission line is defined as the vertical distance between the highest points of support and the lowest point of the conductor.Purpose of SagIncluding appropriate sag protects transmission lines from excessive tension and potential damage, especially under adverse conditions.Sag is mandatory in transmission line conductor suspension. The conductors are attached between two supports with the perfect value of sag.Sag is critical as it pr

Transmission Line TypesTransmission lines are classified into short, medium, and long based on their length and operating voltage.Power Loss and Voltage DropAll transmission lines have some power loss and voltage drop while transmitting power.Voltage RegulationThis measures the change in voltage at the receiving end from no-load to full-load conditions.Electrical ParametersThe main electrical parameters of a transmission line are resistance, inductance, and capacitance.Performance of Transmissio

SIL DefinitionSurge Impedance Loading (SIL) is defined as the power a transmission line delivers to a load that matches the line’s surge impedance.Surge ImpedanceSurge Impedance is the balance point where capacitive and inductive reactances of a transmission line cancel each other out.Long transmission lines (> 250 km) inherently possess distributed inductance and capacitance. When activated, the capacitance feeds reactive power into the line, and the inductance absorbs it.Now if we take the

HADC Substation Layout

Electrical Bus System DefinitionAn electrical bus system is a setup of electrical conductors that allows for efficient power distribution and management within a substation.Single Bus SystemA single bus system is simple and cost-effective but requires power interruption for maintenance.Advantages of Single Bus System This is very simple in design. This is very cost effective scheme. This is very convenient to operate.Disadvantages of Single Bus System A major issue with this arrangement is that

HVDC Transmission DefinitionHVDC transmission is the method of transmitting electricity in DC form over long distances using either submarine cables or overhead lines.Conversion and ComponentsThe hvdc transmission system uses rectifiers and inverters for converting AC to DC and vice versa, with components like smoothing reactors and harmonic filters to ensure stability and reduce interference.HVDC Transmission SystemWe know that AC power is generated in the generating station. This should first

What is a Load Curve?Load Curve A load curve is defined as a graph that shows how energy demand varies over time from a power source.If the curve covers 24 hours, it is called a daily load curve. For a week, month, or year, it is called the weekly, monthly, or yearly load curve.The load duration curve reflects the activity of a population quite accurately with respect to electrical power consumption over a given period of time. To understand the concept better its important that we take the real

Auto Reclosing Scheme of Transmission System

What is Electrical Grid System ?Electrical Grid System DefinitionAn electrical grid system is defined as a network connecting multiple power-generating stations at a specific transmission voltage level. Increased ReliabilityAn interconnected grid boosts the reliability of the power system by sharing loads in case of generating station failures.Load SharingThe grid system can exchange peak loads, reducing the need for partial load shedding or increasing the generating station’s capacity.Use of In

Auto Reclosing DefinitionAn auto reclosing scheme is defined as a system that automatically attempts to close circuit breakers after a fault, restoring power without human intervention. Fault Types Transient Fault Semi Permanent Fault Permanent Fault Auto Recloser Working PrincipleThe extra high voltage transmission lines transmit huge amount of electric power. Hence, it is always desirable that the continuation of power flow through the lines should not be interrupted for a long time. There may