What is Equal Area Criterion?Equal Area Criterion DefinitionThe equal area criterion is a graphical method to determine the transient stability of a single or two-machine system against an infinite bus.Equal Area Criterion for StabilityOver a lossless line, the real power transmitted will beConsider a fault occurs in a synchronous machine which was operating in steady state. Here, the power delivered is given byTo clear a fault, the circuit breaker in the affected section must open. This takes a

What is Power Flow Analysis ?Load Flow Analysis DefinitionLoad flow analysis is the computational process used to determine the steady-state operating conditions of a power system network.Purpose of Load Flow StudyIt determines the operating state of the power system under a given load condition.Steps in Load Flow AnalysisThe study of load flow involves the following three steps:Modeling of power system components and network.Development of load flow equations.Solving the load flow equations usi

What is Transmission Tower Erection Methodology ?Transmission Tower DefinitionA transmission tower is a tall structure used to support overhead power lines, ensuring the safe and efficient transmission of electricity over long distances.Build-Up MethodThis method is most commonly used for the erection of 6.6 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, and 400 kV transmission line towers due to the following advantages : Tower materials can be supplied to the site in a knocked down conditions which facilitates easier an

What is a Transmission Tower?Transmission Tower DefinitionA transmission tower is defined as a tall structure used to support overhead power lines, transporting high-voltage electricity from generating stations to substations.Transmission Tower PartsA power transmission tower is essential for power transmission systems and consists of several parts: The peak of the transmission tower The cross arm of the transmission tower The boom of transmission tower Cage of transmission tower Transmission To

What are Flexible AC Transmission Systems ?FACTS DefinitionFlexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) are defined as systems that use power electronics to improve the control and power transfer in AC transmission networks. Features of FACTS Fast voltage regulation Increased power transfer over long AC lines Damping of active power oscillations Load flow control in meshed systemsThereby significantly improving the stability and performance of existing and future transmission systems.With Flexible A

What is the Annealing Test for Wires and Conductors ?Annealing Test DefinitionThe annealing test is performed to ensure the durability and flexibility of wires and conductors during twisting and bending.Specimen PreparationA specific gauge length of the conductor is used for the test, ensuring accurate results.Testing EquipmentA tensile testing machine, micrometer, and measuring scale are essential for conducting the annealing test.Elongation MeasurementThe test measures the elongation percentag

What are the Types of Electrical Power Cables ?Power Cable DefinitionA power cable is defined as an assembly of insulated electrical conductors used for transmitting and distributing electrical power.Types of Cables in Power SystemPower cables can be overhead or underground, designed for specific applications and requirements.Short Circuit RatingIt happens frequently that the conductor size necessary for installation is dictated by its ability to carry short-circuit current rather than sustained

What is Testing of Electrical Power Cable ?Type Tests DefinitionType tests ensure the quality and standards of electrical power cables by assessing various physical and electrical properties.Acceptance TestsAcceptance tests verify that a batch of cables meets the required specifications through mechanical and electrical tests.Routine TestsRoutine tests are regular checks to maintain consistent quality and performance of electrical cables.High Voltage Test (Water Immersion Test) A 3-meter-long co

What are the Types of Overhead Conductor ?Overhead Conductor DefinitionAn overhead conductor is defined as a physical medium used to carry electrical energy across distances in transmission and distribution systems.Copper vs. Aluminum ConductorsAluminum conductors are preferred over copper due to cost efficiency and reduced corona discharge, despite having lower conductivity and tensile strength.Types of ConductorsOverhead conductors include AAC, ACAR, AAAC, and ACSR, each with unique properties

What is Conductor Resistance Test?Conductor Resistance Test DefinitionThe conductor resistance test measures the DC resistance of copper or aluminum conductors to determine how easily they allow current flow.Importance of ResistanceHigher resistance in a conductor results in less current flow, which is crucial for efficient power transmission.Test EquipmentThe test uses a Kelvin Double Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge to measure resistance accurately.Testing Procedure Connect the specimen to the resi