What is the Thomson Effect?Thomson effect definitionThe Thomson effect is an important part of the phenomenon of thermoelectricity, which describes the phenomenon of heat absorption or release in a conductor (or semiconductor) in the presence of a temperature gradient when an electric current is passed through the conductor.Working principleWhen an electric current passes through a conductor with a temperature gradient, the electrons (or other charge carriers) experience a different thermal envi

What is the Carnot Cycle?Carnot efficiency definitionCarnot efficiency refers to the maximum thermal efficiency that an ideal heat engine can achieve when working between a heat source and a cold source. It is an important concept in thermodynamics, and the Carnot efficiency is the theoretical limit, beyond which the efficiency of any practical heat engine will not exceed this limit.Carnot efficiency formulaPeculiarity Maximum efficiency: The Carnot efficiency gives the maximum possible efficien

What is the Paltier Effect?Definition of the Paltier effectPalber effect refers to when a current passes through a circuit composed of different conductors, in addition to irreversible joule heat, heat absorption and heat release will occur respectively at the junction of different conductors with the direction of the current.Working principleThe Paltier effect was discovered by the French physicist Paltier in 1834. It is based on the properties of thermoelectric materials, that is, when an elec

Skin Effect DefinedSkin effect in transmission lines is the phenomenon where AC current concentrates near the conductor’s surface, increasing its effective resistance.Skin effect is defined as the tendency of an AC current to distribute unevenly over the cross-section of a conductor, such that the current density is highest near the surface of the skin of the conductor and decreases exponentially towards the core. This means that the inner part of the conductor carries less current than the oute

What is the Ferranti Effect?Ferranti Effect DefinitionThe Ferranti effect is defined as the increase in voltage at the receiving end of a long transmission line compared to the sending end. This effect is more noticeable when the load is very small or there is no load (open circuit). It can be described as a factor or a percentage increase.In general practice, current flows from higher potential to lower potential to balance the electrical potential difference. Usually, the sending end voltage i

What are the Applications of Hall Effect ?Hall Effect DefinitionThe Hall effect is defined as the deflection of charge carriers in a current-carrying conductor when placed in a magnetic field.Determine the Type of SemiconductorThe direction of the Hall voltage helps identify if a semiconductor is n-type or p-type.Calculate the Carrier ConcentrationThe Hall effect is used to find the concentration of electrons and holes in a semiconductor.Determine the Mobility (Hall Mobility)The Hall coefficient

What is Schottky Effect?Schottky Effect DefinitionThe Schottky effect is defined as a reduction in the energy needed to remove electrons from a solid surface in a vacuum when an electric field is applied. This boosts electron discharge from heated materials and impacts the thermionic current, surface ionization energy, and photoelectric threshold. Named after Walter H. Schottky, this effect is crucial for electron emission devices like electron guns.Thermionic EmissionTo understand the Schottky

What is Photovoltaic Effect?Photovoltaic Effect DefinitionThe photovoltaic effect is the direct conversion of light energy to electrical energy using semiconductor materials.Semiconductor RoleSemiconductors like silicon are crucial as they facilitate the movement and interaction of electron-hole pairs necessary for electricity generation.Charge Carrier DynamicsThe movement of electrons and holes across the semiconductor junction is essential for establishing an electric field that aids in electr

What is the Meissner Effect ?Meissner Effect DefinitionThe Meissner effect is defined as the expulsion of magnetic fields from a superconductor when it is cooled below its critical temperature.Discovery and ExperimentGerman physicists Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered the Meissner effect in 1933 through experiments with tin and lead samples.Meissner StateThe Meissner state occurs when a superconductor expels external magnetic fields, creating a state with zero magnetic field insi

What is the Seebeck Effect ?Seebeck Effect DefinitionThe Seebeck effect is defined as the conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage, enabling various practical applications.Temperature to ElectricityThis effect generates electricity when there is a temperature difference across the junctions of two different materials.Key Applications Thermocouples Thermoelectric generators Spin caloritronicsMaterial RequirementsEffective materials for the Seebeck effect include metals with low