What is an Atom ?Atom DefinitionAn atom is defined as the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.Nucleus CompositionThe nucleus contains protons and neutrons and is the core where most of an atom’s mass is concentrated.ProtonProtons are positively charged particles. Charge on each proton is 1.6 × 10-19 Coulomb. The number of protons in nucleus of an atom represents the atomic number of atom.NeutronNeutrons do not have any electrical charge. Means, neutrons are electric

What is Faraday’s Law?Faraday’s Law DefinitionFaraday’s law of electromagnetic induction is defined as the principle that a changing magnetic field within an electric circuit produces an electromotive force.First LawFaraday’s first law states that any change in the magnetic environment of a coil induces an EMF, known as induced EMF, and, if the circuit is closed, induces current as well.Method to change the magnetic field: By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil By moving the coil into

What is Lenz's Law?Lenz’s Law DefinitionLenz’s Law is defined as the principle stating that the induced current in a conductor will flow in a direction such that the magnetic field it creates opposes the change in the magnetic field that produced it.Induction PrincipleIf the magnetic flux Ф linking a coil increases, the direction of current in the coil will be such that it will oppose the increase in flux and hence the induced current will produce its flux in a direction as shown below (using Fl

What is Gauss’s Theorem ?Gauss’s Theorem DefinitionGauss’s theorem states that the total electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the net positive charge enclosed by that surface.Flux and ChargeThe flux from an electric charge depends on the quantity of the charge.Mathematical ExpressionGauss’s theorem is expressed mathematically using a surface integral involving flux density and the outward vector.Component FluxIf a charge is not at the center, the flux lines resolve into horizonta

What is Flux ?Flux DefinitionFlux is defined as any effect that travels through a surface or substance, used in various scientific fields.Magnetic FluxMagnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines through a surface, with its unit as Weber.Electric FluxElectric flux quantifies the electric field lines passing through a surface, measured in voltmeters.Luminous FluxLuminous flux represents the amount of visible light energy emitted per second, with the unit Lumen (lm).Radiant FluxRadian

What is Moore's Law ?Moore’s Law DefinitionMoore’s Law is defined as the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years.Historical ImpactMoore’s Law has significantly driven the advancement of technology, affecting various devices and industries.Technological ContributionsInnovations like the transistor, integrated circuits, CMOS, and DRAM have enabled Moore’s Law.Current StateThe industry has shifted focus from Moore’s Law to developing

What is Watt's Laws?Watt's Law DefinitionWatt's Law is defined as the relationship between power, voltage, and current in an electrical circuit.Watt's Law FormulaThe formula for Watt's Law includes power equals voltage multiplied by current, voltage equals power divided by current, and current equals power divided by voltage.Watt's Law Vs. Ohms LawWatt’s Law says the relationship between power, voltage and current.Power TriangleThe Watts Law Triangle combines formulas to find power, voltage, and

What is the Seebeck Effect ?Seebeck Effect DefinitionThe Seebeck effect is defined as the conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage, enabling various practical applications.Temperature to ElectricityThis effect generates electricity when there is a temperature difference across the junctions of two different materials.Key Applications Thermocouples Thermoelectric generators Spin caloritronicsMaterial RequirementsEffective materials for the Seebeck effect include metals with low

What is a Network Analysis ?Network Analysis DefinitionNetwork analysis in electrical engineering is a method used to calculate different electrical parameters of circuit elements in a network.Series and Parallel CircuitsThese are fundamental arrangements in circuit analysis, crucial for determining equivalent resistances, inductances, and capacitances.Source TransformationThis technique simplifies complex networks by converting current sources to voltage sources and vice versa.Nodal and Mesh An

What is an Essential Node?Essential Node DefinitionAn essential node is defined as a point where three or more circuit elements connect, making it crucial for circuit analysis.Essential Branch DefinitionAn essential branch connects two essential nodes without passing through another essential node.Nodal AnalysisEssential nodes reduce the complexity of circuit analysis by minimizing the number of equations needed.Reference Node SelectionIn nodal analysis, the essential node connected to the most