Diffusion capacitance definitionDiffused capacitance is a kind of differential capacitance effect of p-n junction when it is positively biased. It is caused by the diffusion process of different types of materials in semiconductor devices such as PN junction or MOSFET, that is, a few carriers in the doped region diffuse to the undoped region to form a space charge region, and finally appear as a capacitance effect.Basic principleWhen the PN junction is forward-biased, carriers (electrons and hol

What is Diversity Factor?Diversity Factor DefinitionDiversity factor is defined as the ratio of the sum of maximum demands of individual loads to the simultaneous maximum demand of the system.Importance of Diversity FactorA high diversity factor means that a smaller electrical source can serve more loads, making it commercially viable.Peak Load TimingDifferent types of loads (domestic, commercial, industrial, etc.) have peak demands at different times, which helps in managing the overall load on

What is the Thomson Effect?Thomson effect definitionThe Thomson effect is an important part of the phenomenon of thermoelectricity, which describes the phenomenon of heat absorption or release in a conductor (or semiconductor) in the presence of a temperature gradient when an electric current is passed through the conductor.Working principleWhen an electric current passes through a conductor with a temperature gradient, the electrons (or other charge carriers) experience a different thermal envi

What is the Carnot Cycle?Carnot efficiency definitionCarnot efficiency refers to the maximum thermal efficiency that an ideal heat engine can achieve when working between a heat source and a cold source. It is an important concept in thermodynamics, and the Carnot efficiency is the theoretical limit, beyond which the efficiency of any practical heat engine will not exceed this limit.Carnot efficiency formulaPeculiarity Maximum efficiency: The Carnot efficiency gives the maximum possible efficien

What is the Paltier Effect?Definition of the Paltier effectPalber effect refers to when a current passes through a circuit composed of different conductors, in addition to irreversible joule heat, heat absorption and heat release will occur respectively at the junction of different conductors with the direction of the current.Working principleThe Paltier effect was discovered by the French physicist Paltier in 1834. It is based on the properties of thermoelectric materials, that is, when an elec

What is a Wheatstone Bridge Circuit?Wheatstone Bridge DefinitionA Wheatstone Bridge is widely used to measure electrical resistance accurately. It includes two known resistors, one variable resistor, and one unknown resistor connected in a bridge form. By adjusting the variable resistor until the galvanometer reads zero current, the ratio of the known resistors matches the ratio of the variable resistor and the unknown resistor. This allows easy measurement of the unknown electrical resistance.W

What is Drift Velocity ?Drift Velocity DefinitionDrift velocity is defined as the net velocity of free electrons moving randomly in a conductor due to an electric field.Drift velocity is defined as the net velocity of free electrons moving randomly in a conductor due to an electric field. These electrons move at different speeds and directions. When an electric field is applied, they experience a force that aligns them towards the field direction.This applied field, however, doesn’t curtail the

What is Electromagnetic Interference ?Definition of Electromagnetic InterferenceElectromagnetic interference (EMI) is defined as a disturbance affecting an electrical circuit due to electromagnetic induction or radiation.Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is defined as a disruption in an electrical circuit due to electromagnetic induction or external electromagnetic radiation. It occurs when the electromagnetic fields from one device interfere with another device.Electromagnetic (EM) waves are c

Skin Effect DefinedSkin effect in transmission lines is the phenomenon where AC current concentrates near the conductor’s surface, increasing its effective resistance.Skin effect is defined as the tendency of an AC current to distribute unevenly over the cross-section of a conductor, such that the current density is highest near the surface of the skin of the conductor and decreases exponentially towards the core. This means that the inner part of the conductor carries less current than the oute

Power System Frequency DefinitionPower system frequency is the rate of change of the phase angle of AC voltage or current, measured in hertz (Hz).Historical InfluenceThe choice of 50 Hz in India and 60 Hz in other regions is based on historical and economic factors, not technical reasons.Advantages of 60 HzA 60 Hz system has more power output and allows for smaller electrical devices but may need more cooling.Advantages of 50 HzA 50 Hz system can support longer transmission distances with lower