What is a Water Meter?Water Meter DefinitionA water meter is a type of flow meter which is used to monitor the flow rate of water through a pipe. There are two common approaches to water flow measurement – displacement and velocity. Common displacement designs include oscillating piston and nutating disc meters. Velocity-based designs include single and multi-jet meters and turbine meters.Types of Water MetersGear Type Water Flow MeterGenerally, all residential water meters are of positive displ

What is a Flow Meter?Flow Meter DefinitionA flow meter is defined as a device that measures the flow rate of solids, liquids, or gases. Types of Flow Meters Mechanical Flow Meters Optical Flow Meters Open Channel Flow MetersMechanical Flow MetersPositive Displacement Flow MetersThese meters measure flow rate by capturing the fluid in a chamber and measuring its volume. This is similar to filling a bucket with water to a specific level and then letting it flow out.These flow meters can measure in

Diagram of variation of water flow through a turbine

What is an Ohmmeter?Ohmmeter DefinitionAn ohmmeter is defined as a device that measures electrical resistance, indicating how much a material opposes electric current.Ohmmeters typesSeries Type OhmmeterThe ohmmeter connects a battery, a series adjustable resistor, and a meter for readings. The resistance to be measured is connected at terminal OB. When the circuit is completed, current flows, and the meter shows the deflection.When the resistance to be measured is very high then the current in t

What is Analog Multimeters?Analog Multimeter DefinitionAn analog multimeter is a device used to measure electrical quantities like voltage, current, and resistance using a needle and scale.Working PrincipleIt works on the d’Arsonval galvanometer principle. A needle indicates the measured value on a scale. When current passes through a coil in a magnetic field, it creates a deflecting torque that moves the needle over a graduated scale.A pair of hairsprings is attached to the moving spindle to pr

What is the Vector Impedance Meter ?Vector Impedance Meter DefinitionA vector impedance meter is defined as a device that measures both the amplitude and phase angle of impedance in AC circuits.Measuring Amplitude and Phase AngleIt determines the impedance in polar form by evaluating the voltage drops across resistors and unknown impedances.Equal Deflection MethodThis method ensures equal voltage drops across a variable resistor and the unknown impedance to find the impedance value.Two resistors

Hydroelectric Power Plant Layout

What is the Meters Protection ?Meter Protection DefinitionMeter protection is defined as measures taken to safeguard electrical meters from damage due to overcurrent.Overcurrent CausesOvercurrent can occur due to incorrect connections, wrong meter ratings, or unexpected circuit conditions.Single Diode ProtectionA single diode can protect a meter by short-circuiting and diverting excess current when voltage exceeds a certain limitDouble Diode ProtectionUsing two diodes in opposite directions prot

General photovoltaic control system schematic

What is a Phase Sequence Indicator?Phase Sequence Indicator DefinitionA phase sequence indicator is a device used to determine the phase order of a three-phase electrical supply.Types of IndicatorsThere are two types—rotating type and static type, each with a distinct working principle.Rotating Type Working PrincipleIt works on the principle of induction motors. In this coils are connected in star form and the supply is given from three terminal marked as RYB as shown in the figure. When supply