From 2009 to 2010, the State Grid was in the pilot phase of the smart grid planning, focusing on developing the strong smart grid development plan, conducting research and development of key technologies, manufacturing equipment, and carrying out pilot projects in various sectors. The period from 2011 to 2015 marked the full - scale construction phase, during which an operational control and interactive service system for the smart grid was initially formed, and significant breakthroughs were ac

Types of Maintenance ProjectsThe maintenance projects for 12kV outdoor high - voltage vacuum circuit breakers can be classified into three categories: major maintenance projects, minor maintenance projects, and ad - hoc maintenance projects.Typically, major maintenance projects include the overhaul of the conductive circuit, insulation bushing, vacuum interrupter, and current transformer, replacement of seals, testing of contact pressure springs, and maintenance of the operating mechanism. Addit

Fault PhenomenonOn June 23, 2020, a fault occurred in the 35 kV feeder bay that was on hot standby at a 220 kV substation. This triggered the operation of the first - stage, first - time - limit voltage - restrained overcurrent protection of the low - voltage backup protection of the No. 2 main transformer and the second - stage overcurrent protection of the 350 bus tie protection. Consequently, the 352 circuit breaker on the low - voltage side corresponding to the No. 2 main transformer and the

Outdoor vacuum circuit breakers (referred to as breakers hereinafter) are widely used in the distribution network due to their advantages such as small size, light weight, fire - and explosion - proof nature, smooth operation, low noise, small open - contact clearance, short arcing time, and easy maintenance. As atmospheric pollution becomes increasingly severe, in adverse weather conditions like heavy fog, drizzle, condensation, or ice melting, partial discharge (PD) is likely to occur on the s

Meaning and Working of Hybrid Stepper MotorThe term “Hybrid” denotes a combination or mixture. A Hybrid Stepper Motor integrates the characteristics of both the Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor and the Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor. At the core of the rotor, an axial permanent magnet is incorporated. This magnet is magnetized to generate a pair of poles, namely the North (N) and South (S) poles, as illustrated in the figure below：End caps are installed at both ends of the axial magnet. These e

The primary purpose of these switches is identical to that of grounding switches in air - insulated substations and non - fault - initiating grounding switches in Gas - Insulated Switchgear (GIS).High - Speed Grounding Switches (HSGS) possess an additional feature: they can close an energized conductor, creating a short - circuit while sustaining minimal damage to either the switch itself or its enclosure. HSGS are utilized to ground various active components within a substation, including trans

Reasons for Over - load Operation of Distribution TransformersUnreasonable Monitoring MethodDuring the operation of a transformer, to ensure its safe operation, the load of the transformer is monitored. Currently, round - the - clock monitoring is mostly adopted to obtain the average load of the distribution transformer. However, due to the different demands for electrical appliances at different times, as well as the different power and quantity of equipment in operation in enterprises at diffe

Outdoor vacuum circuit breakers are predominantly utilized in the Medium High Voltage (MHV) segment. They serve as a crucial component in the distribution sector, especially within 11kV and 33kV grids. A variety of composite materials are employed in the construction of these breakers. Among them, the vacuum interrupter stands out as the most vital component. For outdoor circuit breakers, the vacuum interrupter is typically encased in a porcelain housing.These breakers are connected to the opera

IntelligenceIntelligent Monitoring and DiagnosisMulti - parameter Real - time Monitoring: Outdoor vacuum circuit breakers will be extensively integrated with various high - precision sensors, which are like the "sensory nerves" of the circuit breaker. For example, displacement sensors are used to accurately measure the contact travel, keeping track of the position changes of the contacts during the opening and closing processes in real - time; speed sensors are utilized to monitor the opening an

Automatic Voltage RegulatorThe automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is an essential device designed to regulate voltage levels. It takes fluctuating voltages and converts them into a stable, constant voltage. Voltage fluctuations primarily occur due to variations in the load on the supply system. Such voltage variations can be detrimental to the equipment within the power system, potentially causing malfunctions or even permanent damage.To control these voltage variations, voltage - control equipme