Primary ProtectionPrimary protection, also known as main protection, serves as the first - line of defense. It is designed to rapidly and selectively clear faults within the boundaries of the specific circuit section or element it safeguards. Each section of an electrical installation is equipped with primary protection. This protection mechanism is engineered to respond promptly to abnormal conditions, ensuring that the affected area is isolated as quickly as possible to minimize damage and dis

This test just apply to 3 pole operation circuit breakers.As Fig these circuits use a three-phase current source and, generally, two voltage sources. one voltage source provides the TRV for the first pole-to-clear and the other gives the recovery voltage for the second- and third poles-to-clear, in the case where these poles clear simultaneously as in non-effectively earthed systems.This system have following components: A three phase current source (G) Voltage source 1 with current injection pa

Methods of Voltage Control in Power SystemThe voltage within a power system is subject to variation in accordance with load fluctuations. Typically, the voltage is elevated during light - load periods and reduced under heavy - load conditions. To maintain the system voltage within acceptable limits, additional equipment is necessary. This equipment serves to increase the voltage when it is low and decrease it when it is overly high. The following are the methods employed in power systems for vol

What is Fluxmeter？DefinitionA flux meter is an instrument designed to measure the magnetic flux of a permanent magnet. It represents an advanced iteration of the ballistic galvanometer, boasting certain advantages. Specifically, the flux meter features low controlling torque and significant electromagnetic damping.Construction of Flux MeterThe construction of the flux meter is depicted in the figure below. The flux meter incorporates a coil that is freely suspended using a spring and a single si

What is Creeping in Energy Meter？DefinitionCreeping in an energy meter is a phenomenon where the aluminium disc rotates continuously when only voltage is applied to the pressure coil and no current flows through the current coil. In essence, it is an error causing the energy meter to consume a minute amount of energy even when no load is connected to the meter.Impact and Causes of CreepingCreeping can increase the disc's rotation speed even under light - load conditions, leading to inflated mete

What is Synchro？DefinitionA Synchro is a type of transducer that converts the angular position of a shaft into an electrical signal. It functions as both an error detector and a rotary position sensor. Errors in the system often occur due to shaft misalignment. The two main components of a synchro are the transmitter and the control transformer.Synchro System TypesThere are two types of synchro systems:Control Type Synchro Torque Transmission Type Synchro Torque Transmission Type SynchrosThis ki

What is Three Phase Energy Meter？DefinitionA three - phase energy meter is an instrument designed to measure the power of a three - phase electrical supply. It is constructed by connecting two single - phase meters via a shaft. The total energy consumption is determined by summing the readings of both elements.Working Principle of Three - Phase Energy MeterThe torques generated by the two elements are mechanically combined. The total rotation of the shaft is directly proportional to the energy c

Definition：An earth tester is an instrument designed for measuring the resistance of the earth. In a power system, all equipment is connected to the earth via an earth electrode. The earth plays a vital role in safeguarding both the equipment and personnel from fault currents. The resistance of the earth is extremely low, allowing the fault current passing through the earth electrode to be safely dissipated into the ground, thus protecting the power system from damage.Earth electrodes are also c

Definition：An ammeter shunt is a device that offers a low - resistance path for the flow of current. It is connected in parallel with the ammeter. In certain ammeters, the shunt is built - into the instrument, while in others, it is externally attached to the circuit.Reason for Connecting the Shunt in Parallel with the AmmeterAmmeters are designed to measure low currents. When it comes to measuring heavy currents, a shunt is connected in parallel with the ammeter. Due to its low - resistance pat

A potential or voltage transformer is a step - down transformer employed to transform high - voltage values into fractional values. Measuring instruments such as ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters are designed for low - voltage operation. Connecting these measuring devices directly to high - voltage lines for measurement can cause them to burn out or be damaged. Hence, a potential transformer is used for measurement purposes.The primary windings of the potential transformer are directly linked