Energy Meter DefinitionAn energy meter is a device that measures electric energy consumption.Lag Adjustment in Energy MeterIn induction type energy meters, the rotation speed should match the power by keeping the phase angle between the supply voltage and pressure coil flux at 90 degrees. In reality, this angle is slightly less than 90 degrees. Lag adjustment devices help correct this phase angle. Let’s consider the figure beside:In the figure, another coil called the lag coil is introduced on t

Schematic diagram of a nuclear power plant

How to Measure Electrical Energy?Electrical Energy DefinitionElectrical energy is defined as the product of electrical power and time, measured in joules (J). E is the electrical energy in joules (J) P is the electrical power in watts (W) t is the time in seconds (s)Electrical energy and power are closely related concepts. Electrical power is the amount of electrical current that flows through a circuit due to a certain voltage difference across it. Electrical power is also the rate at which ele

What is Voltage Controlled Oscillator?Voltage Controlled Oscillator DefinitionA voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is defined as an oscillator whose output frequency is controlled by an input voltage.Working PrincipleVCO circuits can be designed by means of many voltage control electronic components such as varactor diodes, transistors, Op-amps etc. Here, we are going to discuss about the working of a VCO using Op-amps. The circuit diagram is shown below.The output waveform of this VCO will be

What is a Gunn Diode Oscillator?Gunn Diode Oscillator A Gunn Diode Oscillator (also known as a Gunn oscillators or transferred electron device oscillator) are a cheap source of microwave power and comprise of Gunn diode or transferred electron device (TED) as their major component. They perform a similiar funciton as Reflex Klystron Oscillators.In Gunn oscillators, the Gunn diode will be placed in a resonant cavity. A Gunn oscillator is comprised of two major components: (i) A DC bias and (ii) A

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RC Phase Shift OscillatorAn RC phase shift oscillator is defined as an electronic circuit that uses resistor-capacitor (RC) networks to produce a consistent oscillating output signal.RC phase-shift oscillators use resistor-capacitor (RC) network (Figure 1) to provide the phase-shift required by the feedback signal. They have excellent frequency stability and can yield a pure sine wave for a wide range of loads.Ideally a simple RC network is expected to have an output which leads the input by 90

What is a Clapp Oscillator?Clapp Oscillator A Clapp oscillator (also known as a Gouriet oscillator) is an LC electronic oscillator that uses a particular combination of an inductor and three capacitors to set the oscillator’s frequency (see circuit diagram below). LC oscillators use a transistor (or vacuum tube or other gain element) and a positive feedback network.A Clapp oscillator is a type of Colpitts oscillator with an extra capacitor (C3) added in series with the inductor in the tank circu

Tuned Collector Oscillator DefinitionA tuned collector oscillator is defined as an LC oscillator that uses a tank circuit and a transistor to generate a periodic signal.Circuit Diagram ExplanationThe circuit diagram shows the tuned collector oscillator. The transformer and capacitor are connected to the transistor’s collector, producing a sine wave.R1 and R2 form the voltage divider bias for the transistor. Re refers to the emitter resistor and is there to provide thermal stability. Ce is used t

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