The connection of several generating stations in a network of particular transmission voltage level is commonly known as electrical grid system. By interconnecting different power generating stations we can solve various difficulties arise in power system. The structure, or “network topology” of a grid can vary depending on the the load and generation characteristics, constraints of budget and the requirements for system reliability. The physical layout is often forced by the geology and land av

Power system engineering forms a vast and major portion of electrical engineering studies. It is mainly concerned with the production of electrical power and its transmission from the sending end to receiving end as per requirements, incurring a minimum amount of losses. The power often changes due to the variation of load or due to disturbances.For these reasons, the term power system stability is of utmost importance in this field. It is used to define the ability of the system to bring back i

The ability of a synchronous power system to return to stable condition and maintain its synchronism following a relatively large disturbance arising from very general situations like switching ON and OFF of circuit elements, or clearing of faults, etc. is referred to as the transient stability in power system. More often than not, the power generation systems are subjected to faults of this kind, and hence its extremely important for power engineers to be well-versed with the stability conditio

As an introduction, we need to know about power state stability. It is really the capability of the system to return to its steady state condition after subjected to certain disturbances. We can now consider a synchronous generator to understand the power system stability. The generator is in synchronism with the other system connected to it. The bus connected to it and the generator will have same phase sequence, voltage and the frequency. So, we can say that the power system stability here is

What Are Harmonics?Harmonics are defined as an unwanted higher frequency component that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. Harmonics create a distortion in the fundamental waveform.Harmonics usually have a lower amplitude (volume) than the fundamental frequency.What is Amplitude?The maximum value (positive or negative) of an alternating quantity is known as its amplitude.Sources of HarmonicsHarmonics are produced due to the non-linear loads such as an iron-cored inductor, recti

What is Admittance?Admittance is defined as a measure of how easily a circuit or device will allow current to flow through it. Admittance is the reciprocal (inverse) of impedance, akin to how conductance and resistance are related. The SI unit of admittance is the siemens (symbol S).To reiterate the above definition: let us first go through some important terms which associated with the topic admittance. We all know that resistance (R) has only magnitude but no phase. We can say that it is the m

What are Bundled Conductors?We can often see the transmission lines where instead of a single conductor per phase multiple conductors per phase are being used. A metallic structure called spacers groups the conductors of a phase. These spaces help to maintain a constant distance between the conductors throughout their length, avoid clashing of conductors amongst themselves and also allowing them to be connected in parallel. Each phase can have two, three, or four conductors. The figures below sh

Single stranded conductors are used in transmission system usually up to 220 KV. But it is not possible to use single-stranded conductor for the voltage above 220 KV systems. For very high voltage system, hollow conductor can be used to optimize the flow of current through it. But erection and maintenance of hollow conductors in the ∑HV system are not economical. The problem can be solved by using bundled conductors instead of hollow conductor in the electrical transmission system above 220 KV v

What is Sag in a Transmission Line?In a transmission line, sag is defined as the vertical difference in level between points of support (most commonly transmission towers) and the lowest point of the conductor. The calculationof sag and tension in a transmission line depends on the span of the overhead conductor.Span having equal level supports (i.e. towers of the same height) is called level span. Conversely, when the span has unequal levels of support, this is known as unequal level span.Consi

What are ABCD Parameters?ABCD parameters (also known as chain or transmission line parameters) are generalized circuit constants used to help model transmission lines. More specifically, ABCD parameters are used in the two port network representation of a transmission line. The circuit of such a two-port network is shown below:A major section of power system engineering deals in the transmission of electrical power from one place (eg. generating station) to another (e.g. substations or residenti