Thunderstorm generator definitionA thunderstorm generator is a device used to simulate lightning phenomena under thunderstorm weather conditions.Working principleA thunderstorm generator usually simulates the lightning discharge process by producing a high-voltage pulse. It can use the capacitor to discharge instantaneously after charging, or through other high-voltage discharge technology, to generate a strong electric field and current, so as to simulate the arc discharge and electromagnetic p

Ensuring the safety of people passing under high-voltage wires is a crucial task. High-voltage transmission lines are designed and constructed according to strict safety standards and regulations to minimize risks to the public. Here are some common measures to ensure the safety of high-voltage wires:Using InsulatorsInsulators are commonly used components in high-voltage wires to fix the wires to towers or poles and prevent current from conducting through the towers or poles to the ground. Insul

What is Capacitive Sensor?Capacitive sensor definitionCapacitive sensor is a kind of sensor based on capacitance change to detect the change of physical quantity.Working principleThe working principle of capacitive sensors is based on the definition formula of capacitance: C is capacitance. ϵ is the permittivity of the medium. A is the effective area between the plates. d is the distance between the two plates.Capacitive sensors detect changes in physical quantities by changing one or more of th

What is an Integral Controller?Integral controller definitionIntegral controller is another basic control algorithm in automatic control systems, usually represented by the letter "I". The integral controller adjusts the output of the controller by accumulating error signals to eliminate steady-state errors in the system.Basic principleThe basic idea of the integral controller is to accumulate error signals during the control process and use the accumulated results to adjust the output of the co

What is a Proportional Controller?Proportional controller is one of the most basic control algorithms in automatic control systems, usually represented by the letter "P". The proportional controller controls the response of the system by adjusting the output signal to be proportional to the error signal.Basic principleThe basic idea of the proportional controller is to reduce the system error by adjusting the output signal of the controller. Error is the difference between the expected value and

Controller DefinitionIn control systems, a controller is a mechanism that seeks to minimize the difference between the actual value of a system (i.e. the process variable) and the desired value of the system (i.e. the setpoint). Controllers are a fundamental part of control engineering and used in all complex control systems.Before we introduce you to various controllers in detail, it is essential to know the uses of controllers in the theory of control systems. The important uses of the control

Vector Group Test DefinitionThe vector group test of a transformer checks the phase sequence and angular difference to ensure transformers can operate in parallel.Vector Group Test of TransformerThe vector group of a transformer is essential for successful parallel operation of transformers. Every electrical power transformer must undergo a vector group test at the factory to ensure it matches the customer’s specified vector group.The phase sequence, or the order in which phases reach their peak

Transformer DefinitionA transformer is defined as an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.Theory of Transformer on No-LoadHaving No Winding Resistance and No Leakage ReactanceConsider a transformer with only core losses, meaning it has no copper loss or leakage reactance of transformer. When an alternating current source is applied to the primary, it supplies current to magnetize the core of transformer.But this current

Losses in TransformerAs the electrical transformer is a static device, mechanical loss in transformer normally does not come into picture. We generally consider only electrical losses in transformer.Loss in any machine is broadly defined as difference between input power and output power. When input power is supplied to the primary of transformer, some portion of that power is used to compensate core losses in transformer i.e. Hysteresis loss in transformer and Eddy current loss in transformer c

Leakage Reactance DefinitionIn a transformer, not all the flux links both the primary and secondary windings. Some flux links with only one winding, called leakage flux. This leakage flux causes self-reactance in the affected winding.This self-reactance is also known as leakage reactance. When combined with the transformer’s resistance, it forms impedance. This impedance causes voltage drops in both the primary and secondary windings.Resistance of TransformerThe primary and secondary windings of