Indian Electricity Rule 1956, Clause No 77, mentions, the minimum distance between bottom conductor and ground of different overhead transmission lines.As per Indian Electricity Rule 1956, Clause No 77, the minimum distance between bottom conductor and ground of a 400KV transmission line is 8.84 meter.As per this clause, of IE 1956, minimum ground clearance of 33KV uninsulated electrical conductor is 5.2 meter.This clearance is increased by 0.3 meter for every 33KV above 33KV.According to this l

Surge Impedance Loading is a very essential parameter when it comes to the study of power systems as it is used in the prediction of maximum loading capacity of transmission lines.However before understanding SIL, we first need to have an idea of what is Surge Impedance (Zs). It can be defined in two ways one a simpler one and other a bit rigorous.Method 1It is a well known fact that a long transmission lines (> 250 km) have distributed inductance and capacitance as its inherent property. Whe

What are T Parameters?T parameters are defined as transmission line parameters or ABCD parameters. In a two-port network, port-1 is considered as sending end and port-2 is considered as receiving end. In the network diagram below, port-1 terminals represent the input (sending) port. Similarly, port-2 terminals represent the output (receiving) port. T-parameter in a Two-port NetworkFor the above two-port network, equations of T-parameters are;(1)(2)Where;VS = Sending end voltageIS = Sending end c

There are many different electrical bus system schemes available but selection of a particular scheme depends upon the system voltage, position of substation in electrical power system, flexibility needed in system and cost to be expensed.The Main Criterias to be Considered During Selection of one Particular Bus – Bar Arrangement Scheme Simplicity of system. Easy maintenance of different equipments. Minimizing the outage during maintenance. Future provision of extension with growth of demand. Op

Electrical SubstationNow days the electrical power demand is increasing very rapidly. For fulfilling these huge power demands the modern time requires creation of bigger and bigger power generating stations. These power generating stations may be hydro-electric, thermal or atomic. Depending upon the availability of resources these stations are constructed different places. These places may not be nearer to load centers where the actual consumption of power takes place.So it is necessary to trans

The massive transmission of electricity in the form of DC over long distances by means of submarine cables or overhead transmission line is the high voltage direct current transmission. This type of transmission is preferred over HVAC transmission for very long distance when considering the cost, losses and many other factors. The names Electrical superhighway or Power superhighway are often used for HVDC.HVDC Transmission SystemWe know that AC power is generated in the generating station. This

Load CurveA graphical plot showing the variation in demand for energy of the consumers on a source of supply with respect to time is known as the load curve.If this curve is plotted over a time period of 24 hours, it is known as daily load curve. If its plotted for a week, month, or a year, then its named as the weekly, monthly or yearly load curve respectively.The load duration curve reflects the activity of a population quite accurately with respect to electrical power consumption over a given

We can not store electricity. Thus we have to generate electricity when it is required and as much it is required. The electrical source either it is generating station or substation or any other electric utility, has to fulfil the maximum demand of all connected loads to that source. But we are fortunate enough that the maximum demands of all the loads connected to a source usually do not happen simultaneously. Instead, maximum loading demands of various loads occur at different period of times

Mobile substations are a type of power distribution system that can be transported and installed quickly and easily in different locations. They are used to provide temporary or emergency power supply to areas where the grid is unavailable or has been damaged, such as construction sites, disaster zones, remote areas, or events. They can also be used to test, maintain, or replace existing substations, or to integrate renewable energy sources into the grid.Mobile substations consist of various com

A power system is a network of electrical components that generate, transmit, and distribute electricity to end users. The power system operates at a certain frequency, which is the number of cycles per second of the alternating current (AC) voltage and current. The most common frequencies used for power systems are 50 Hz and 60 Hz, depending on the region of the world. But why do we use these frequencies and not others? What are the advantages and disadvantages of different frequencies? And how