Negative Feedback in Op AmpWe obtain Negative feedback in an op amp by connecting output terminal of an op amp to its inverting input terminal through a suitable resistance as shown below.The gain of an op amp with negative feedback is called closed loop gain.Closed Loop Gain of Op AmpWhen we connect a feedback resistance and a resistance in series with the inverting input terminal of an op-amp as shown in the above picture, the gain of the system just becomes the negative ratio of feedback resi

Anoperational amplifierorop ampis a DC coupled voltage amplifier with a very high voltage gain.Op amp is basically a multistage amplifier in which a number of amplifier stages are interconnected to each other in a very complicated manner. Its internal circuit consists of many transistors, FETs and resistors. All this occupies a very little space.So, it is packed in a small package and is available in the Integrated Circuit (IC) form. The term Op Amp is used to denote an amplifier which can be co

A linear amplifier like an op amp has many different applications. It has a high open loop gain, high input impedance and low output impedance. It has high common mode rejection ratio. Due to these favourable characteristics, it is used for different application. In this article, we are discussing some of the most prominent uses of an Op amp. This is not an exhaustive list but covers the important applications of op amp within the scope of our discussion.Op Amp applications as Inverting Amplifie

What is an Op-Amp Integrator?An op-amp integrator is a circuit that uses an operational amplifier (op-amp) and a capacitor to perform the mathematical operation of integration. Integration is the process of finding the area under a curve or function over time. An op-amp integrator produces an output voltage that is proportional to the negative integral of the input voltage, meaning that the output voltage changes according to the duration and amplitude of the input voltage.An op-amp integrator c

In RL parallel circuitresistor and inductor are connected in parallel with each other and this combination is supplied by a voltage source, Vin. The output voltage of circuit is Vout. Since the resistor and inductor are connected in parallel, the input voltage is equal to output voltage but the currents flowing in resistor and inductor are different.The parallel RL circuit is not used as filter for voltages because in this circuit, the output voltage is equal to input voltage and for this reason

The resistor and inductor are the most fundamental linear (element having linear relationship between voltage and current) and passive (which consume energy) elements. When resistor and inductor are connected across voltage supply, the circuit so obtained is called RL circuit.Types of RL Circuit RL Series Circuit-Whenresistanceand inductor are connected in series with voltage supply. The circuit is calledseries RL circuit. RL Parallel Circuit-When resistance and inductor are connected in paralle

What is an RL Circuit?An RL circuit (also known as an RL filter or RL network) is defined as an electrical circuit consisting of the passive circuit elements of a resistor (R) and an inductor (L) connected together, driven by a voltage source or current source.Due to the presence of a resistor in the ideal form of the circuit, an RL circuit will consume energy, akin to an RC circuit or RLC circuit.This is unlike the ideal form of an LC circuit, which will consume no energy due to the absence of

Atree of electric networkis set of branches which is a set of branches which contains all the nodes of the network but does not form any closed path. It is similar to what anetwork topologyis to a communications network.Let us explain the tree of electric network as defined above.The above figure-1, shows an electric network with five nodes 1,2,3,4 and 5.Now, if we remove the branches 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1 from the circuit, we will get, the graph as shown below in figure-2.The above graph as sho

When we talk of cut set matrix in graph theory, we generally talk of fundamental cut-set matrix. A cut-set is a minimum set of branches of a connected graph such that when removed these branches from the graph, then the graph gets separated into 2 distinct parts called sub-graphs and the cut set matrix is the matrix which is obtained by row-wise taking one cut-set at a time. The cutset matrix is denoted by symbol [Qf].Example of Cutsets Matrix of a CircuitTwo sub-graphs are obtained from a graph

Incidence matrix is that matrix which represents the graph such that with the help of that matrix we can draw a graph. This matrix can be denoted as [AC] As in every matrix, there are also rows and columns in incidence matrix [AC].The rows of the matrix [AC] represent the number of nodes and the column of the matrix [AC] represent the number of branches in the given graph. If there are ‘n’ number of rows in a given incidence matrix, that means in a graph there are ‘n’ number of nodes. Similarly,