We have discussed about the theory of ideal transformer for better understanding of actual elementary theory of transformer. Now we will go through the practical aspects one by one of an electrical power transformer and try to draw vector diagram of transformer in every step. As we said that, in an ideal transformer; there are no core losses in transformer i.e. loss free core of transformer. But in practical transformer, there are hysteresis and eddy current losses in transformer core.Theory of

What is a Transformer?Atransformeris defined as apassive electrical devicethat transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through the process ofelectromagnetic induction. It is most commonly used to increase (‘step up’) or decrease (‘step down’)voltagelevels between circuits.Working Principle of TransformerThe working principle of a transformer is very simple. Mutual induction between two or more windings (also known as coils) allows for electrical energy to be transferred between c

Emf Equation of TransformerEMF Equation of transformer can be established in a very easy way. Actually in electrical power transformer, one alternating electrical source is applied to the primary winding and due to this, magnetizing current flowing through the primary winding which produces alternating flux in the core of transformer. This flux links with both primary and secondary windings. As this flux is alternating in nature, there must be a rate of change of flux. According to Faraday’s law

What is Eddy Current According to Lenz’s law, a conducting loop when subjected to varying magnetic field gets an emf induced into it causing flow of current in a direction opposing the change causing it. The case goes similar to when instead of a conducting closed loop, the change in magnetic field through a conducting body, say a filament or a slab of magnetic material or non-magnetic material, causes currents to flow into its cross sections at appropriate closed paths. These currents are g

Introduction of Efficiency of TransformerTransformers form the most important link between supply systems and load. Transformer’s efficiency directly affects its performance and aging. The transformer’s efficiency, in general, is in the range of 95 – 99 %. For large power transformers with very low losses, the efficiency can be as high as 99.7%. The input and output measurements of a transformer are not done under loaded conditions as the wattmeter readings inevitably suffer errors of 1 – 2%. So

1). Whatis a Transformer?Atransformeris a static device that converts electrical power from one circuit to another without affecting the frequency by stepping up (or)stepping down the voltage.2). What is the theory behind the transformer’s operation principle?The theory of mutual induction explains the operation of a transformer. A commonmagnetic flux connects two electrical circuits.3). What ismeant by a transformer’s rating?A transformer’s rating is the maximum power that may be extracted from

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction. Transformers are widely used in power systems to step up or step down voltages, isolate circuits, and balance loads. Transformers can be classified into different types based on their construction, winding configuration, and vector group.A vector diagram of a transformer is a graphical representation of the phasor relationships between the primary and secondary voltages and curren

In this paper, an overall individual dc voltage (including high-voltage and low-voltage dc-link voltages) balance strategy is proposed for the electronic power transformer with separated dc-link topology. The strategy adjusts active powers flowing through the isolation and output stages in different power modules to enhance the dc voltage balance capability. Through the strategy, the high-voltage and low-voltage dc-links can be well balanced when unbalance occurs among different power modules

This paper proposes and analyzes a two-stage dc-dc isolated converter for electric vehicle charging applications, where high efficiency over a wide range of battery voltages is required. The proposed conversion circuit comprises a first two-output isolation stage with CLLC resonant structure and a second two-input buck regulator. The transformer of the first stage is designed such that its two output voltages correspond, ideally, to the minimum and maximum expected voltage to be supplied to th

This paper proposes a novel configuration of a dual UPQC supplied by a dual photovoltaic (PV), hereinafter referred to as 2UPQC-2PV,to improve the power quality performance of a single-phase 220 V/50 Hz distribution system. The 2UPQC-2PV configuration is proposed to anticipate the possible failure of both inverters in one of the UPQC circuits. The PV array replaces the DC-link capacitor to maintain its voltage connected to the DC-link of the UPQC constant while at the same time supplying active