Definition: When conductors carry high alternating voltages, the currents are non - uniformly distributed across the cross - sectional area of the conductor. This phenomenon is known as the proximity effect. The proximity effect causes an increase in the apparent resistance of a conductor because of the presence of other current - carrying conductors in its vicinity.When two or more conductors are positioned close to one another, their electromagnetic fields interact. As a result of this interac

Definition: The corona effect refers to the phenomenon where the surrounding air around a conductor ionizes, resulting in a luminous glow accompanied by a hissing noise.Air serves as a dielectric medium between transmission lines. In other words, it acts as an insulator between current - carrying conductors. When the voltage induced between conductors is of an alternating nature, a charging current flows between the conductors. This charging current increases the voltage of the transmission line

Comparative Analysis of 50 Hz and 60 Hz Power Supply FrequenciesIn the realm of electrical power systems, the choice of supply frequency significantly impacts various aspects of equipment performance, cost, and operational efficiency. Notably, North American countries such as the United States and Canada predominantly utilize a 60 Hz power supply frequency, whereas the United Kingdom, European Union, and numerous other nations adhering to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards

The critical clearing angle is defined as the maximum allowable variation in the load angle curve during a fault, beyond which system synchronism is lost if the fault is not cleared. In essence, when a fault occurs in an electrical system, the load angle begins to increase, putting the system at risk of instability. The specific angle at which clearing the fault restores system stability is referred to as the critical clearing angle.For a given initial load condition, there exists a specific cri

The assembly of insulated conductors housed within the slots of an armature is known as an armature winding. This crucial component serves as the site where power conversion occurs. In a generator, the armature winding facilitates the transformation of mechanical power into electrical energy. Conversely, in an electric motor, it enables the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy, thereby playing a pivotal role in the operation of both electrical machines.The armature winding can

DefinitionA travelling wave is a transient wave that creates a disturbance and propagates along a transmission line at a constant speed. This type of wave exists for a short period (lasting only a few microseconds), yet it can cause significant disturbances in the transmission line. Transient waves are generated in the transmission line mainly due to operations like switching, faults, and lightning strikes.Significance of Travelling WavesTravelling waves play a crucial role in determining the vo

The MMF Method, also referred to as the Ampere - Turn Method, operates on a principle distinct from the synchronous impedance method. While the synchronous impedance method relies on substituting the impact of armature reaction with an imaginary reactance, the MMF Method focuses on the Magnetomotive Force. Specifically, in the MMF Method, the effect of the armature leakage reactance is replaced by an equivalent additional armature reaction MMF. This allows for the combination of this equivalent

The Zero Power Factor Characteristic (ZPFC) of a generator represents a curve that illustrates the relationship between the armature terminal voltage and the field current. In this test, the generator operates at synchronous speed with a constant rated armature current and a zero lagging power factor. The Zero Power Factor Characteristic is also known as the Potier Characteristic.To maintain a very low power factor, the alternator is loaded using reactors or an under - excited synchronous motor.

Causes and Sources of Poor Power FactorIn an electrical power system, the power factor is defined as the ratio of real power (measured in kilowatts, kW) to apparent power (measured in kilovolt - amperes, kVA). A low power factor indicates that the electrical load is not efficiently utilizing the available electrical power. This inefficiency can lead to several consequences, such as elevated electricity costs for consumers and decreased overall system efficiency. In this article, we will delve in

Advantages of Power Factor ImprovementPower factor improvement and correction involve enhancing the power factor of an electrical system by minimizing reactive power consumption. This can be accomplished through multiple strategies, such as installing power factor correction capacitors, utilizing synchronous motors, implementing static VAR compensators, using phase advancers, or optimizing the design of the electrical system. The benefits of power factor improvement and correction are numerous a