I. Operating Principles of Grid-Connected InvertersGrid-connected inverters are devices that convert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) and are widely used in solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems. The operating principles involve several aspects:Energy Conversion Process:Under sunlight, PV panels generate DC electricity. For small and medium-sized grid-connected inverters, a two-stage structure is often used, where the DC output from the PV panels is first converted thro

Grid-connected inverters do need to be connected to the grid to function properly. These inverters are designed to convert direct current (DC) from renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic panels or wind turbines, into alternating current (AC) that synchronizes with the grid in order to feed power into the public grid. Here are some of the key features and operating conditions of grid-connected inverters:The basic working principle of grid-connected inverterThe basic working principl

Infrared generator is a kind of equipment that can produce infrared radiation, which is widely used in industry, scientific research, medical treatment, security and other fields. Infrared radiation is an invisible electromagnetic wave with a wavelength between visible light and microwave, which is usually divided into three bands: near infrared, middle infrared and far infrared. Here are some of the main advantages of infrared generators:Non-contact measurement No contact: The infrared generato

What is a Thermocouple?Thermocouple DefinitionA thermocouple is a device that converts temperature differences into an electric voltage, based on the principle of the thermoelectric effect. It is a type of sensor that can measure temperature at a specific point or location. Thermocouples are widely used in industrial, domestic, commercial, and scientific applications due to their simplicity, durability, low cost, and wide temperature range.Thermoelectric EffectThe thermoelectric effect is the ph

What is a Resistance Temperature Detector?Resistance Temperature Detector DefinitionA Resistance Temperature Detector (also known as a Resistance Thermometer or RTD) is an electronic device used to determine the temperature by measuring the resistance of an electrical wire. This wire is referred to as a temperature sensor. If we want to measure temperature with high accuracy, an RTD is the ideal solution, as it has good linear characteristics over a wide range of temperatures. Other common elect

What is a Thermistor?Thermistor DefinitionA thermistor (or thermal resistor) is defined as a resistor whose electrical resistance varies significantly with changes in temperature.Thermistors act as a passive component in a circuit. They are an accurate, cheap, and robust way to measure temperature.Although thermistors aren’t effective in extreme temperatures, they are preferred sensors for many applications.Thermistors are ideal when a precise temperature reading is required. The circuit symbol

What is an Electrical Conductors?Electrical Conductor DefinitionAn electrical conductor is defined as a material that permits the easy flow of electric charge primarily due to the movement of electrons.An electrical conductor is defined as an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors, as metals have high conductance and low resistance.Electrical conductors enable electrons to travel between atoms

JFET DefinitionA JFET is a type of transistor that controls current flow using an electric field.During purchasing a JFET for a particular application we need to check the specifications of the device. These specifications are provided by manufacturers. The followings are the parameters used to specify a JFET and these are Gate Cut Off Voltage (VGS(off)) Shorted Gate Drain Current (IDSS) Transconductance (gmo) Dynamic Output Resistance (rd) Amplification Factor (μ)Gate Cut Off VoltageAt a fixed

What is LED?LED DefinitionA Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when electric current flows through it.Older LED technologies used gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), gallium phosphide (GaP), and aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs).LEDs produce visible light through the electroluminescence effect, occurring when direct current passes through a doped crystal with a PN junction.Doping involves adding elements from columns III and V of the periodic table. When energ

How Dose an LED Work?LED DefinitionAn LED, or Light Emitting Diode, is defined as a semiconductor device that emits light when electrically energized through a process called electroluminescence.How an LED worksLike an ordinary diode, the LED diode works when it is forward biased. In this case, the n-type semiconductor is heavily doped than the p-type forming the p-n junction. When it is forward biased, the potential barrier gets reduced and the electrons and holes combine at the depletion layer