What is Reciprocity Theorem?Reciprocity Theorem DefinitionThe reciprocity theorem states that in a reciprocal circuit, the current remains the same when the positions of the voltage source and ammeter are swapped.Reciprocal CircuitA circuit that follows the reciprocity theorem, where voltage and current are interchangeable, is called a reciprocal circuit.Ideal ComponentsFor the reciprocity theorem to work, both the voltage source and ammeter must have zero internal resistance.Transfer Resistance

What is Superposition Theorem?Superposition Theorem DefinitionThe superposition theorem is defined as a method to find the total current in a branch by summing the currents from each source acting alone.Voltage SourcesReplace voltage sources with short circuits or their internal resistance when removing them from the circuit.Current SourcesReplace current sources with open circuits or their internal resistance when removing them from the circuit.Linear Circuit RequirementThe theorem applies only

What is Substitution Theorem?Substitution Theorem DefinitionThe substitution theorem is defined as the process of replacing an element in a circuit with an equivalent voltage or current source without changing the initial conditions.Statement of Substitution TheoremIf an element is replaced by a voltage source with the same voltage or a current source with the same current, the rest of the circuit remains unchanged.Insight into Circuit BehaviorThis theorem helps understand how circuits behave wh

What are Kirchhoff's Laws?Kirchhoff’s Laws DefinitionKirchhoff’s laws describe how current and voltage distribute in an electrical circuit, essential for analyzing circuit behavior.Kirchhoff’s Laws Classification Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL):KCL states that at any junction in an electrical circuit, the total current entering equals the total current leaving the junction. Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL): KVL states that the sum of all voltage gains and drops around any closed loop in a circuit is zero

What is Millmans Theorem?Millman’s Theorem DefinitionMillman’s theorem is defined as a method to simplify circuits with multiple parallel voltage or current sources into a single equivalent source.Application to Voltage Source CircuitsMillman’s theorem simplifies circuits with only voltage sources in parallel into an equivalent voltage source with a series resistance.Equivalent Voltage CalculationThe equivalent voltage (VE) is calculated using the theorem, representing the Thevenin voltage.Appli

Lenz's Law, named after the Russian physicist Heinrich Lenz (1804-1865), is a fundamental principle in electromagnetism. It states that the direction of the induced electromotive force (emf) in a closed conducting loop always opposes the change in magnetic flux that caused it. This means that the induced current creates a magnetic field that opposes the initial change in magnetic flux, following the principles of conservation of energy.Understanding Lenz's Law allows us to appreciate the science

When current flows through an electric circuit, the collision between the electrons and atoms of wire causes heat to be generated. How much heat is generated during current flowing through a wire and on what conditions and parameters do the heat generation depend? James Prescott Joule an English physicist, coined a formula which explains this phenomenon accurately. This is known as Joule’s law. What is Joule’s Law of HeatingThe heat which is produced due to the flow of current within an electric

In this article, we will explore the concept of the mechanical equivalent of heat, which states that mechanical work and heat can be converted into each other. We will also learn about the experiments and discoveries that led to this idea and how it helped to establish the science of thermodynamics.What is the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat?The mechanical equivalent of heat is a term that describes the relationship between mechanical work and heat. It is defined as the amount of work required to

Wiedemann-Franz law is the law which relates the thermal conductivity (κ) and the electrical conductivity (σ) of a material which consists of somewhat freely moving electrons in it. Thermal Conductivity (κ):It is the degree (measure) of capacity of a material to conduct heat. Electrical Conductivity (σ):It is the degree (measure) of capacity of a material to conduct electricity.In metals; when temperature increases, the velocity of free electrons increases and that leads to an increase in heat t

What is Faraday’s LawFaraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (referred to as Faraday’s law) is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.Faraday’s law states that a current will be induced in a conductor which is exposed to a changing magnetic field. Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the direction of this induced current