I. Preliminary Preparations(1) Understand three-phase motors and AC/DC convertersThree-phase motorThree-phase motors have star and delta connections. The star connection involves connecting x, y, and z to the ends of three sets of windings, drawing a neutral line from the connecting point, and leading out three lines from the other end of the coil winding to A, b, and c, forming a three-phase four-wire system; the delta connection involves connecting the power supply or load in sequence, without

GIS device definitionGIS is the abbreviation of Gas Insulated Switchgear, which is generally translated as a gas insulated fully enclosed combination appliance, usually using SF6 gas as the insulating medium. Includes circuit breaker (CB), isolation switch (DS), ground switch (ES, FES), BUS (BUS), current transformer (CT), voltage transformer (VT), lightning arrester (LA) and other high voltage components. At present, GIS equipment products have covered the voltage range of 72.5 kV ~1200 kV.Char

What is an Integral Controller?Integral controller definitionIntegral controller is another basic control algorithm in automatic control systems, usually represented by the letter "I". The integral controller adjusts the output of the controller by accumulating error signals to eliminate steady-state errors in the system.Basic principleThe basic idea of the integral controller is to accumulate error signals during the control process and use the accumulated results to adjust the output of the co

What is a Proportional Controller?Proportional controller is one of the most basic control algorithms in automatic control systems, usually represented by the letter "P". The proportional controller controls the response of the system by adjusting the output signal to be proportional to the error signal.Basic principleThe basic idea of the proportional controller is to reduce the system error by adjusting the output signal of the controller. Error is the difference between the expected value and

Controller DefinitionIn control systems, a controller is a mechanism that seeks to minimize the difference between the actual value of a system (i.e. the process variable) and the desired value of the system (i.e. the setpoint). Controllers are a fundamental part of control engineering and used in all complex control systems.Before we introduce you to various controllers in detail, it is essential to know the uses of controllers in the theory of control systems. The important uses of the control

Routh Hurwitz Stability Criterion DefinitionIt is a method to determine the stability of a system using the characteristic equation.Hurwitz CriterionUsing the characteristic equation, we can create several Hurwitz determinants to determine the system’s stability. The characteristic equation of the system is defined as follows:There are n determinants for an nth order characteristic equation.Here is how to write determinants from the coefficients of the characteristic equation. Follow these steps

Root Locus Technique DefinedRoot locus in control system is a graphical approach used to analyze the effects of varying system parameters on the stability and performance of a control system.Advantages of Root Locus Technique Root locus technique in control system is easy to implement as compared to other methods. With the help of root locus we can easily predict the performance of the whole system. Root locus provides the better way to indicate the parameters.This article will frequently use sp

What is State Space Analysis?State Space Analysis DefinitionState space analysis of control systems is a method to analyze both simple and complex systems using a set of variables to describe their behavior over time.State Space EquationsLet us derive state space equations for the system which is linear and time invariant.Let us consider multiple inputs and multiple outputs system which has r inputs and m output.Where, r = u1, u2, u3 ……….. ur.And m = y1, y2 ……….. ym.Now we are taking n state var

Block Diagram DefinitionA block diagram is used to represent a control system in diagram form. In other words, the practical representation of a control system is its block diagram. Each element of the control system is represented with a block and the block is the symbolic representation of the transfer function of that element.It is not always convenient to derive a complex control system’s entire transfer function in a single function. It is easier to derive the transfer function of the contr

Transient Response of Control SystemAs the name suggests transient response of control system means changing so, this occurs mainly after two conditions and these two conditions are written as follows-Condition one : Just after switching ‘on’ the system that means at the time of application of an input signal to the system.Condition second : Just after any abnormal conditions. Abnormal conditions may include sudden change in the load, short circuiting etc.Steady State Response of Control SystemS